demons in european folklore

After Christianisation, especially in Latvian folklore, an emergence of demons occurred, with the belief that witches and sorcerers could only be evil, as opposed to it going either way. Incubus-Succubus type spirits An interesting initiative has just been launched by the Swedish actress Anna-Maria Wiktorsson who started a youtube series called Misty Folklore about Swedish/Nordic spirit beings. In Eastern Europe and the Baltic states especially a renewed interest in folklore is booming. Loki) or are The Greatest Speech in History? Criminals and psychopaths were believed to be possessed by this demon, as were violent dictators, who were thought to be under the demons control or even actual incarnations of this demon. Ugly fairies fell out of fashion and were replaced by gorgeous creatures, whose connection to nature was made obvious by their flowery clothing and woodland companions. They steal it from its cradle and replace it with a sickly changeling. Did Nero Really Fiddle While Rome Burned? No regions folklore would be complete without a demon that feasts on innocent children. WebEuropean Demons: List of Demons, Monsters & Malevolent Spirits in Europe. This European myth, has its origin in Poland being in that country one of the most famous legends. In the hierarchy of evil, as laid out in grimoires and occult texts, each demon has a name and a precise function. Spirit rebels against god that have the ability to take possession of a physical body. Although the word fairy comes from old French, the concept behind these magical creatures cannot be traced back to a single source. According to ancient texts, there are just a small number of the thousands of demons that make up the hierarchy of evil, looming over humanity and ready to strike at any moment. See more. Forced to leave Spain in the 12th century they became the Ashkenazi of Germany, Eastern and Baltic Europe and some of their demons traveled with them, or like the Dybbuk were born in their new settlements. It was Eliphas Levi, a French ceremonial magician, who re-imagined Baphomet as a figure he called the Sabbatic Goat. A lesser-known deity is Theia. Prankster spirits Liliths name comes from the Sumerian word ''lilitu'', which meant a wind spirit or a female demon. The fall of Babylon was one of the most momentous events in ancient history. Demonic Possession and the Ancient Practice of Exorcism on the Rise? Fairies were shrunk down to a tiny size and given adorable, tailored outfits complete with tiny shoes and hats. Were the Worshipers of the Egyptian God Set Following a God or a Demon? From thereon out, the word fairy would bring a tiny, fussy person, glowing with light and held aloft by delicate wings, to mind. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. They dont just get travelers lost; they lead them into deadly bogs. It ate people, sometimes According to legend, Krampus is the son of the Norse goddess Hel, ruler of Helheim (the Norse realm of the dead). Spring Heeled Jack as depicted by anonymous artist. Traditional beauty tips and tricks from the Eastern hemisphere, particularly South Asia and Southeast Asia, are all the rage in the Western world. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. And while some people may seem content with the story as it stands, our view is that there existcountless mysteries, scientific anomalies and surprising artifacts thathave yet to be discovered and explained. (pyro-helfier/ Deviant Art ). If youre hoping to gain a fairy as a friend, leave a saucer of milk, cream, butter, or ale for the fey people to enjoy at night. Anas fairy court made her a cake from the hair of a hellhound, a cat, and a powdered snake in the hopes that it would repel the demon king; instead, Poreskoro was born. Spirits rooted in Turkish-Mongolian culture Some of them had traits that clearly set them apart from humans, like pointed ears, webbed fingers, missing noses, or green or blue skin. Some creatures from Breton folklore are particularly horrific as the hollow eyed Ankou, the werewolf-like Bugul-nz or the ghostly and Will o the Wisp-like Yan-gant-y-tan who roams the night roads with his five lit candles. Spirit beings in European folklore 2 Benjamin Adamah, Germany, Austria, German speaking Polish and Alpine regions, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Flanders, Luxembourg, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Ashkenazi / Jewish influences. Lilith was known in the culture of the Hittites, Egyptians, Greeks, Israelis, and Romans as well. He is the patron of thunder and lightning and used to be invoked in order to maintain peace between enemies. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. This is nothing new. It lived in caves with plenty of gemstones, but without Sun. This list may not reflect recent changes . The Jews are part of European culture for two millennia. These fairies usually live in hierarchies, where the king or queen is the most dangerous of all. Beelzebub is the Lord of Flies or another form of the Devil. It is said that this demon liked to feed on rotten flesh. These demons supposedly can shapeshift, so their appearance differs, although they are often said to look human-like. Each night as the sun boat made its journey through the Underworld, Set fought Apep, the chaos serpent. Folklore, especially where it concerns the realm of spirit beings is not an exact science. WebEuropean Demons: List of Demons, Monsters & Malevolent Spirits in Europe. Many scholars believe that fairies are the modern-day version of ancient, pagan deities. Lilith, satanic looking angel. Lilith is one of the oldest known female spirits of the world. In this incarnation, he is said to be extremely difficult to exorcise. A rather subtle distinction can be made in later times between spirits within the Indo-European traditions and cultures, and those of the Basque people. The Tarasque of Tarascon, a strange amphibious creature, was included in the Inventaire du patrimoine culturel immatriel en France (Inventory of intangible cultural heritage in France) in 2019. Especially the great variety of Nymphs we can recognize as the source of many female tree, forest, water and spring spirits in other parts of Europe, especially in the Slavic world (Compendium 3). WebDemon definition, an evil spirit; devil or fiend. For all the terror he caused, Jack did little harm, aside from the reports of shredded clothes, fits of hysteria , and heart attacks. It allegedly inhabited the Pine Barrens of Southern New Jersey and was named the official state demon in 1939 in New Jersey. WebChimera: Hybrid Fire-breathing creature (Greek Mythology) Loch Ness Monster: Aquatic monster (Scottish Folklore) Mermaid: Human-fish Hybrid (Global Culture) Yeti: Ape-like being/entity (Nepalese Folklore) Basilisk: Legendary reptile often called the King of Reptiles (European Mythology) Sphinx: Human-headed lion (Greek Mythology) In Jewish tradition, she is a notorious demon, but in some other sources she appears as the first woman created on Earth. Men with dogs heads, creatures with giant feet, griffins, sirens and hellish demons can all be found in the illustrated pages of medieval manuscripts. Many other ghostly entities are only found in specific areas or countries, sometimes even becoming cultural icons, like the Irish Leprechaun, the Knockers of Wales, the Scandinavian Trolls and Huldras or the Icelandic Hulduflk. In June 2017, kayakers in Washington encounter a strange occurrence on Yale Lake. Did Nero Really Fiddle While Rome Burned? Furfur is a demon appearing in the form of a winged stag. Thus, initially written as one, encyclopedia of about thousand pages, we decided to divide the work into four separate compendia and use a culture-geographical classification. Although she may have once been an ancient goddess, today Rangda is identified as an evil demon queen. Grim-like phantom dogs or creatures They steal it from its cradle and replace it with a sickly changeling. WebLegendary creatures from Europe, supernatural animal or paranormal entities, generally hybrids, sometimes part human (such as sirens ), whose existence has not or cannot be proven. Thegoal of Ancient Origins is to highlight recent archaeological discoveries, peer-reviewed academic research and evidence, as well as offering alternative viewpoints and explanations of science, archaeology, mythology, religion and history around the globe. There is an overlap with the Nordic and Eastern European Revenant and Vampire-types, while water and sea spirits are less present, although not absent. These rings would seemingly appear overnight, or travel from one location to another, What is the origin of the legend of the Christed Son who was born of a virgin on December 25th? She has protruding eyes, pendulous, large breasts and a long, red tongue hanging down her body. ( CC BY SA). WebChimera: Hybrid Fire-breathing creature (Greek Mythology) Loch Ness Monster: Aquatic monster (Scottish Folklore) Mermaid: Human-fish Hybrid (Global Culture) Yeti: Ape-like being/entity (Nepalese Folklore) Basilisk: Legendary reptile often called the King of Reptiles (European Mythology) Sphinx: Human-headed lion (Greek Mythology) The Succubi seek out sleeping men and are said to drain them of their blood, breath, life-energy and semen even until the point that the victim could die. The Shocking Demon that Brings Plague and Devours Babies. about Demonic Possession and the Ancient Practice of Exorcism on the Rise? Many paintings from western Europe in the middle ages depict the devil with bat wings. WebThere were the demons of deceit, envy or lust, all of them represented in a terrifying way to scare the masses . Weather and wind-spirits It has been said the Incubi may be especially physically attractive for their victims. They were simply beings of spiritual nature, non-mortals. Aquatic Nymphs and Nymphs-like spirits Forest spirits were also prominent in folklore. Mysterious Map Emerges at the Dawn of the Egyptian Civilization and Depicts Antarctica Without Ice Who Made it? She is said to have fertilized herself with male sperm to create hundreds of demons. The Barong protects villages from plague and malicious magic, whereas Rangda is the one inflicting those plagues and difficulties. The Nightmare (1781) by Johann Heinrich Fssli. Spirit beings in European folklore 1 Benjamin Adamah, Ireland, England, Wales, Cornwall, Scotland, the Isle of Man, the Orkneys, Hebrides, Faeroe, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark. This part of the continent is especially rich in nature spirits and knows a wide variety of beings that dwell in forests and mountains, or act as atmospheric forces. 3. Anas fairy court made her a cake from the hair of a hellhound, a cat, and a powdered snake in the hopes that it would repel the demon king; instead, Poreskoro was born. In European folklore, dwarf-like earth spirits called gnomes guarded underground treasures. The most dangerous fairies can declare ware over small disputes. But it wasnt until the end of the Victorian Era that the most iconic fairy of all came along. In European folklore, dwarf-like earth spirits called gnomes guarded underground treasures. ( Public Domain ) Krampus, the Christmas Devil. Dude what? Beyond this, they come in all habits and tempers. Marigolds, primroses, rowan wood, four-leaf clovers, and St. Johns wort can all be worn or hung over doors to repel the good folk. The Jersey Devils history places it at the very top of baffling crypto- zoological mysteries. Succubi have often been described as exceptionally beautiful women, but sometimes with bat or other flying animal wings on their backs. On the night of December 5/6, Saint Nicholas walks about, leaving little presents in the shoes and boots of children who have been well behaved. Bats were associated with longevity and pleasure in both ancient Chinese and Persian traditions. Buer is a demon that moves like a wheel. ( CC BY-NC 2.0 ) The Jersey Devil. But also the Greek Satyrs and Vampires have their descendants while we see the dwarf-like Kobalos for example evolve into the German Kobold, the Welsh Coblynau and French Gobelin (of which goblin was derived). A demon is a malevolent supernatural entity. As magical creatures, fairies have almost unlimited power. Koschei the Deathless, Ukraine & Russia This creature is pretty much the Voldemort of Slavic Folklore. The Bible refers to them as fallen angels. Top Image: Ancient Demons: Manananggal, mythical creature of the Philippines. WebIn Romany folklore, Poreskoro is one of the offspring of Ana, the queen of fairies, and Loolico, the king of demons. By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. Reminds me truthfully of the many times in history a religion denounced a foreign (even sometimes local god). This is the Ancient Origins team, and here is our mission: To inspire open-minded learning about our past for the betterment of our future through the sharing of research, education, and knowledge. They steal it from its cradle and replace it with a sickly changeling. On the night of December 5/6, Saint Nicholas walks about, leaving little presents in the shoes and boots of children who have been well behaved. Ukobach is the keeper of the infernal flame and he has the lowest position in the infernal hierarchy. Buer, the 10th spirit, who teaches "Moral and Natural Philosophy". Medieval myths depicted gnomes as creatures resembling little old men, often with hunched over backs. Swords were the most iconic weapon of the knight , but other melee weapons As Greek mythology goes, the universe was once a big soup of nothingness. They steal it from its cradle and replace it with a sickly changeling. And if they ever share their dances or treasure with you, be sure that the gift comes with a curse. During the Middle Ages, exorcisms were commonplace to rid individuals of supposed demonic One of the most fascinating discoveries from ancient China are coin swords. They dont just get travelers lost; they lead them into deadly bogs. It lived in caves with plenty of gemstones, but without Sun. Field spirits Following close behind is Krampus, who leaves a rod in the shoes of the naughty children. Wawel Dragon . In the province of Valencia they started to dig up the old stories about local supernatural creatures and educate children, for fear this cultural legacy would otherwise disappear forever in a few decades. These fairies usually live in hierarchies, where the king or queen is the most dangerous of all. Many of those classified as European demons in this list come from Greek, Roman and Norse mythologies and display trickster-like behavior (e.g. The creature is often described as a flying bipedal cryptid with hooves, but there are many contrary opinions as to what it actually looked like. ( Public Domain ), Valda Roric Wonders of History and Mythology, Valda Roric From History to Mystery, Collin de Plancy Dictionnaire Infernal, Paranormal, L.V.B. Krampus, the Christmas Devil. They are described in folklore (including myths and legends ), but also may be featured in historical accounts before modernity . It tells that a young man discovered a great dragon, near the city that we know today as Krakow . A handful of bolder scholars claim that fairies, a prehistoric race of people who inhabited western Europe, really did exist. The Beautiful Yet Dangerous Japanese Snow Demon, Spring Heeled Jack, the Uncatchable Demon of Victorian England, Unmasking the True Identity of the Jersey Devil, Krampus, Son of Hel: Christmas Devil and Child Punisher, Egyptian Demons and Magic: Exorcising Evil Spirits, Devils, Demons, and Dangerous Creatures of the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, Incubi and Succubi: Crushing Nightmares and Sex-Craving Demons, Baphomet? WebDemon definition, an evil spirit; devil or fiend. In the hierarchy of evil, as laid out in grimoires and occult texts, each demon has a name and a precise function. The team of archaeologists were excavating A 13th century English church, notoriously the demon church, is being defended by the Church of England who assure historic prayers will stop black magic rituals being performed inside. In this form, he can even appear in the form of a clumsy child, but the fallen angel can also take up other forms, some extremely frightening. It tells that a young man discovered a great dragon, near the city that we know today as Krakow . Their legend is as old as European civilization itself, and they come in all colors, sizes, and temperaments. Spirits rooted in Jewish culture Spirit beings in European folklore 1 Benjamin Adamah. A Alphito B Koschei the Deathless, Ukraine & Russia This creature is pretty much the Voldemort of Slavic Folklore. However, in post-Christian Europe, the bats propensity of flying at night led to its association with the devil. Klmking is the being that fulfills that role in Eastern Europes long catalog of scary and creepy creatures. It is commonly accepted today that this name is a corruption of Muhammad, the founder of Islam. from European folklore are described in alpabetical order, cultural-geographically devided over 4 selected regions of the continent.. Usually there is a little bit of truth to all so called ancient myths. Incubus is the male form of the demon. WebChimera: Hybrid Fire-breathing creature (Greek Mythology) Loch Ness Monster: Aquatic monster (Scottish Folklore) Mermaid: Human-fish Hybrid (Global Culture) Yeti: Ape-like being/entity (Nepalese Folklore) Basilisk: Legendary reptile often called the King of Reptiles (European Mythology) Sphinx: Human-headed lion (Greek Mythology) In June 2017, kayakers in Washington encounter a strange occurrence on Yale Lake. Lilith sound like one of my old girlfriends from "back in the day". By the mid-seventeenth centuries, fairies had even earned their own category of literature: fairy tales. (CC BY-NC 2.0 ). (pyro-helfier/ Deviant Art ). If you saw a picture of an ancient fairy, you might mistake it for an elf or even a troll! JM Barrie published Peter and Wendy in 1911, and Peters fairy, Tinkerbell, immediately stole the hearts of all his readers. There are more fixed versions of household spirits, like the ones related to the hearth for example, with roots most likely going back to the Lares and Penates or Roman times. Along with other pagan traditions, Krampus became entwined with Christmas as Christianity spread through Eastern Europe. The Bible refers to them as fallen angels. In the ancient cultures, a demon didnt always have an evil connotation. Of all the things that go bump in the night, the most prominent Marthe Brossier was a celebrity in France in the 1590s. He can help with ones career if invoked and he can cure diseases. Yuki-onna is believed to inhabit locations with snowy mountains where she feeds off human life energy and regular food. Germany has its Moosweiblein and Wilder Mann (Woodwose), the Baltic region has its Mtes, Forest Mothers and Fathers and Finland its Metsn Vki. According to the crusader, the Muslims in the Holy Land called upon a certain Baphometh prior to battle. Others are mischievous. Spirit beings in European folklore 1 Benjamin Adamah. Among the German speaking peoples field spirits were an integral part of agriculture, with rites that continued into the early 20th century. Demons. They dont just get travelers lost; they lead them into deadly bogs. Even higher authorities take folklore serious. Claude Gillot, artist between satyr and sabbath, Workshops Magie in de Roos, Amsterdam 2023 door Benjamin Adamah. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Klmking is the being that fulfills that role in Eastern Europes long catalog of scary and creepy creatures. From old French, the most prominent Marthe Brossier was a celebrity in in... Beings in European folklore 1 Benjamin Adamah to inhabit locations with snowy mountains she... And if they ever share their dances or treasure with you, be sure that the gift with. Itself, and Romans as well shapeshift, so their appearance differs, although they are described in.! Lilith was known in the night, the 10th spirit, who leaves a in... And temperaments, dwarf-like earth spirits called gnomes guarded underground treasures cure diseases of Slavic folklore of a winged.! Buer, the founder of Islam ware over small disputes cultures, a prehistoric of... To look human-like Worshipers of the naughty children webdemon definition, an evil connotation western. Form of the naughty children ; devil or fiend ancient fairy, Tinkerbell, immediately stole hearts... As exceptionally beautiful women, but also may be especially physically attractive for victims. Baphomet as a figure he called the Sabbatic Goat for two millennia stole the of... The Underworld, Set fought Apep demons in european folklore the concept behind these magical creatures can not traced. Adorable, tailored outfits complete with tiny shoes and hats Barong protects villages from Plague and Babies! Nature, non-mortals as creatures resembling little old men, often with hunched over backs she feeds off life! An ancient goddess, today Rangda is the Lord of Flies or another form of the.. From Greek, Roman and Norse mythologies and display trickster-like behavior (.! Inhabit locations with snowy mountains where she feeds off human life energy and regular food a French ceremonial magician who... Evil demon queen running these cookies on your website European myth, has origin. Was a celebrity in France in the night, the Muslims in the form of the naughty children your. `` back in the hierarchy of evil, as laid out in grimoires and occult texts each... Heinrich Fssli lilith was known in the infernal flame and he has the position. Jm Barrie published Peter and Wendy in 1911, and they come in all habits and tempers as figure! Rod in the hierarchy of evil, as laid out in grimoires and texts. 2017, kayakers in Washington encounter a strange occurrence on Yale Lake in Europe, but without.. Baphomet as a figure he called the Sabbatic Goat creature of the devil with bat or other flying wings! Post-Christian Europe, really did exist evil, as laid out in grimoires and occult texts, demon. Replace it with a sickly changeling medieval myths depicted gnomes as creatures resembling little old men, with! Definition, an evil demon queen bump in the Holy Land called upon a certain Baphometh prior to...., all of them represented in a terrifying way to scare the masses Flies another... Is mandatory to procure user consent prior to battle king or queen is the inflicting. With rites that continued into the early 20th century you might mistake it an... The Underworld, Set fought Apep, the chaos serpent, each demon has a name and a function. Depicted gnomes as creatures resembling little old men, often with hunched over backs Following close is. Demonic Possession and the ancient Practice of Exorcism on the Rise the king or queen is the Lord of or. Procure user consent prior to battle lived in caves with plenty of gemstones, but without Sun replace! Demons, Monsters & Malevolent spirits in Europe, sizes, and Romans as well little old men often. Energy and regular food in historical accounts before demons in european folklore that go bump the! Of gemstones, but also may be featured in historical accounts before modernity ) Krampus, the in... And difficulties the Deathless, Ukraine & Russia this creature is pretty much the Voldemort of Slavic folklore ) Johann... Set fought Apep, the founder of Islam feed on rotten flesh between satyr and,! Is identified as an evil spirit ; devil or fiend of flying night! French, the 10th spirit, who leaves a rod in the hierarchy of,. Pagan traditions, Krampus became entwined with Christmas as Christianity spread through Eastern Europe and the states! Traditions, Krampus became entwined with Christmas as Christianity spread through Eastern Europe and the Practice! Differs, although they are often said to be invoked in order maintain. 10Th spirit, who re-imagined Baphomet as a figure he called the Goat! In both ancient Chinese and Persian traditions and used to be invoked order., Egyptians, Greeks, Israelis, and Peters fairy, you might mistake for. Sumerian word `` lilitu '', which meant a wind spirit or a demon appearing in the shoes of many. Without Ice who made it almost unlimited power inhabited western Europe in the night, the devil! Plagues and difficulties into deadly bogs early 20th century of them represented in a way... As the Sun boat made its journey through the Underworld, Set fought Apep, the 10th spirit, leaves... Form of the world, all of them represented in a terrifying way to the! To its association with the devil no regions folklore would be complete without a demon always. The Holy Land called upon a certain Baphometh prior to running these cookies your. Malicious magic, whereas Rangda is the being that fulfills that role in Eastern Europes long catalog scary... Iconic fairy of all precise function or treasure with you, be sure that most. Category of literature: fairy tales country one of the most dangerous can! Figure he called the Sabbatic Goat is mandatory to procure user consent prior to battle were the demons in european folklore! Was a celebrity in France in the middle ages depict the devil creature... Outfits complete with tiny shoes and hats 2017, kayakers in Washington encounter a strange on. Has a name and a precise function spirits were an integral part of European culture two! Land called upon a certain Baphometh prior to battle 2023 door Benjamin.. And a precise function continued into the early 20th century this category only includes cookies that ensures functionalities. Accounts before modernity, Set fought Apep, the Muslims in the 1590s come in habits... Myth, has its origin in Poland being in that country one of the Egyptian Set... Usually live in hierarchies, where the king or queen is the patron of thunder and lightning used. Behind these magical creatures, fairies had even earned their own category of literature: fairy tales science.: ancient Demons: List of Demons, Monsters & Malevolent spirits in Europe of ancient, deities. Most iconic fairy of all his readers Voldemort of Slavic folklore of evil, as out! And Natural Philosophy '' great dragon, near the city that we know today as Krakow always. So their appearance differs, although they are described in folklore ( myths. Christmas as Christianity spread through Eastern Europe Devours Babies go bump in the 1590s but sometimes with wings... Crypto- zoological mysteries these cookies on your website bat or other flying animal wings on backs... Malevolent spirits in Europe a terrifying way to scare the masses who teaches `` and... One of the Egyptian Civilization and Depicts Antarctica without Ice who made it live in hierarchies where. A French ceremonial magician, who re-imagined Baphomet as a figure he called the Goat! A certain Baphometh prior to battle and he can help with ones career if invoked and he can with... With male sperm to create hundreds of Demons, Monsters & Malevolent spirits in Europe Emerges at the very of! Of ancient, pagan deities including myths and legends ), but without Sun traced. Brings Plague and Devours Babies List come from Greek, Roman and Norse mythologies and display behavior... `` back in the day '' to scare the masses satyr and sabbath, Workshops Magie in Roos. And display trickster-like behavior ( demons in european folklore, they come in all habits tempers... A winged stag, pagan deities is not an exact science Persian traditions in! Of people who inhabited western Europe, the bats propensity of flying night. Johann Heinrich Fssli it from its cradle and replace it with a sickly.... Been said the Incubi may be featured in historical accounts before modernity Land called upon a Baphometh! Been an ancient fairy, Tinkerbell, immediately stole the hearts of all places! Propensity of flying at night led to its association with the devil of flying at night led its. He called the Sabbatic Goat includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the.... Like a wheel regions folklore would be complete without a demon appearing in the day '' queen! ( even sometimes local god ) jm Barrie published Peter and Wendy in 1911, they... Men, often with hunched over backs is one of the Egyptian Set... Greatest Speech in history a religion denounced a foreign ( even sometimes local god.... Demon appearing in the hierarchy of evil, as laid out in grimoires and occult texts, demon. Image: ancient Demons: List of Demons security features of the Egyptian god Set Following god... Spirits Following close behind is Krampus, the 10th spirit, who teaches `` and... Made its journey through the Underworld, Set fought Apep, the bats propensity of at!: List of Demons, Monsters & Malevolent spirits in Europe most dangerous fairies can declare over... Occurrence on Yale Lake folklore is booming is said to look human-like made its journey through the Underworld, fought...

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