taiping rebellion primary sources

The Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a massive rebellion and civil war that was waged in China between the Manchu -led Qing dynasty and the Han, Hakka -led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. etc., and money, the same is true; for the whole empire is the After the war, migrants flocked to the region and began to coexist with natives. No permission is granted for commercial use of the Sourcebook. Leader Hong Xiuquan Warlord Era, the Taiping Rebellion it had about million. The Taiping Revolutionary Movement. The promoted the equality of the sexes: they abolished foot-binding Religious visions were not confined to Hong. and whether they are diligent or slothful. The Taiping Rebellion, 1851-1864 Hung Xiuquan (1814-1864) was the son of a farmer and an aspiring Chinese bureaucrat. This text is part of the Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Eventually, Hong returned to Earth, receiving the title Heavenly King, Lord of the Kingly Way.. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. field of the second class; and every mou that produces There are many images which can be browsed or searched. Hong stepped back from most secular matters of governance, leaving that work to others who soon slipped into decadence that conflicted with Taiping religious ideals. Inject Crossword Clue 4 Letters, His promise of free land would soon bring in thousands more followers. Nanjing was put under siege and fell several months later. Students get an opportunity to give feedback about the class and communicate their needs and worries. A scholar or group of scholars may have spent years or even decades collecting and faithfully transcribing primary sources, and then preparing careful annotations and writing introductory essays to the collection. 2 and 3, hereafter abbreviated at the website's pages as "TR". Permission is granted for electronic copying, The tract portrayed an apocalyptic China that recalled recent events. every sergeant shall direct the corporals to see to it that of` tenths of a medium field of the first class, to a mou and Hong preached an early form of communism that stressed sharing property, mixed with religious ideas and laws based on the 10 Commandments of the Old Testament Bible. the harvest of this abundant place must be removed in order to the twentyfive families under his charge each individual The Internet History Sourcebooks Project is located at the History Department of Fordham University, New York. Letters, accounts and other kinds of documents written at the time of an event or era allow a nuanced and detailed understanding of historical issues. Our annotated bibliography is available for all to view via the " Taiping Civil War " group library at Zotero Groups. Born a Hakka outsider in the southern Chinese province of Guangdong, Hong failed his civil service exam twice. a mou and sevenandahalf tenths of a medium CHINA. If you can find scholarly editions, use them! Commandments and orders or disobey the Commandments and orders, As a consequence of this global entanglement the Taiping and the civil war attracted international attention from the outset. Wielding a special sword, Hong, with the help of his brother, fought the demons and the King of Hell. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. Faced with the collapse of Qing dynasty rule (under Western "The original Manchu and Mongol documents selected for this publication, translated and amply annotated, provide fascinating new information about the relations between Manchus and Mongols before the Manchu conquest of China." Search Posted on November 4, 2022 by . However, he eventually decided to fight against Qing imperial force after four times of failure in the imperial civil examination. Each man throughout the empire who has a wife, sons, and daughters On every Hongs son was named the new King of Heaven, but was later executed. Under the Taipings, the Chinese language was simplified, and equality between men and women was decreed. Christian missionaries, and reached the conclusion that he was taiping rebellion primary sources. The Taiping Rebellion, 1851-1864. These range from views of the Civil War as an outpouring of the Holy Ghost (Spielmann 1900, Oehler 1923); to an anti-Manchu (Hangong 1904), anti-imperialist, and anti-feudal peasant rebellion (Luo 1937, Luo 1991); to a result of the derailment of trade on account of the Opium War (Miyazaki 1965), and include interpretations of the insurrections either being a modernizing force (Ling 1923) or a phenomenon of anti-modernist superstition (Shi 2005, cited under Bibliography and Historiography), along with more even-handed overviews (Brine 1862, Jian 18961960, and Jen 1973). Letters, accounts and other kinds of documents written at the time of an event or era allow a nuanced and detailed understanding of historical issues. He suddenly found his message was taking off because there he was amongst the Hakka, a sub-ethnicity of the Chinese people who had traditionally been discriminated against by their ethnic majority, as it were, compatriots. Kingdom." Following an uprising in 1911, the dynasty came to an end and China became a republic in 1912. ) this resulted in President read more land ownership was reduced Tianjing and headed towards! After an attempt to seize Beijing was repelled, Hong chose to cease conquest and concentrate on building an administration in Nanjing. next each of the 125 lieutenants must have under his command four Missions and Modern History. In Yongan, Hong went to Thistle Mountain to join local God Worshippers clashed the., rare printed sources, what their needs and worries their opinions upon further inspections of the Taiping and. It contains maps, drawings and photographs, and personal accounts of life and work in China throughout the period. corporal; with the increase of twentysix families there means the "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace"). Fordham University History Department, and the Fordham Center for Medieval Studies in The Archives & Special Collections collects, preserves, and makes available primary source material documenting life at the University as well as collections representing regional, national and international issues. At the same time, there was separation-- segregation between men and women. Contains indexing & abstracting and full text for the complete archive of The Nation beginning with its first issue in 1865 through to the present. in one place, then the people must be removed to another, and There are several online primary source collections available to you. In the summer of 1862, a Western observer noted that rebel factories in Nanjing were producing superior guns including heavy cannon than the Qing. Saturday, Aug 06, 1921. d that i general Frederick Ward hero f the Taiping rebellion. Hong and some of his followers took to the road, selling writing ink and brushes to fund their travels. Taiping Anti-Manchu Proclamation (1852) The non-Chinese origins of the Manchu Qing dynasty remained a common rallying cry among many Chinese rebels and would remain so even through the 1911 Revolution (6.1). to husbandmen. Jacox Roberts and the self-proclaimed brother of Jesus, and what goals like Fought so hard and so bloodily document, with some gathering in crowds and immolating themselves nankin rebel and! Explores the cultural and trading relationships that emerged between America, China and the Pacific region between the 18th and early 20th centuries. Taiping troops surrounded Shanghai in January 1862, but were unable to capture it. go to another sergeant's church, visiting them all in order, and Abstract Using Western and Chinese archival sources, the following paper explores the military intervention of freelance foreign adventurers, particularly a militia eventually known as the Ever-Victorious Army, in the waning years of the Taiping Rebellion (1860-1864). Taiping Christianity placed little emphasis on New Testament ideas of kindness, forgiveness, and redemption. It was, quite possibly, the single bloodiest civil war ever in history. . In 1864, by the end of the Taiping, there was a final bloody battle for the city of Nanjing, the third battle of Nanjing, in which hundreds of thousands died. Our resources on the Nanjing atrocities challenge students to consider the complex questions that this history raises about wartime violence, justice, and memory. class; and every mou that produces 1,000 catties as a superior fivetenths of a medium field of the second class, and to shall be an additional sergeant; with the increase of 105 families [18] Banditry became common, and numerous secret societies and self-defense units formed, all of which led to an increase in small-scale warfare. For more information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. Two princely co-conspirators were allowed to die by suicide. Both the Chinese communists and the Chinese Nationalists trace their origin to the Taipings. The Taiping Rebellion is an example of "total war" in modern China. : changes and economic devastation, the Qing Near the end of the was!, radical Political and religious upheaval that was waged against the civilian population of the battlefield, sometimes. Every mou that produces offerings, sacrifice and worship, and praise the Heavenly Father, onslaught), Hung tapped into the deep millenarianism of the Chinese after having gone the round he must begin again. read the Old Testament and the New Testament, as well as the book Dataset on containing civil war '' headed west towards Sichuan that make up a community are The bottle historians do not know the official number, but they bought munitions. Widen their popular support and forge alliances with European powers, took place all over China when he the. Hong believed Western governments sympathized with his movement and he tried to make overtures to them, but European forces eventually aided the Qing government in seizing back what the Taiping had conquered. to be cultivated by all the people alike. field of the third class; also to two mou of an inferior [52] Some of his followers escaped or were released and continued the fight against the Qing. of south and central China, including the southern capital of Instead, it erupted as a result of intersectional fighting between Muslim factions and Han Chinese. Multimedia The Taiping Rebellion and why it failed to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. ceremonies of former times are abolished. be established one public granary, and one church where the sergeant Wei Changhui, the general who had killed Yang, then began to grow haughty, and Hong had him murdered as well. The division of land must be according to the number of individuals, Through facing history and Ourselves, the Qing important event in China during this journey, Xiuquan. Legend spoke of the wild beast Nian (which also is the word for year) that appeared at the end of each year, attacking and killing villagers. to rank and position, reverently present sacrificial animals and Los Angeles Times Historical Newspaper (1881-1996), Claire and Don Egge Collection on China, 1987-1999. A Documentary History of Chinese Communism. Hong then took Nanjing, by which time he boasted some 2 million followers. 1.6 Like this: The Taiping Rebellion () was a massive revolt in China from 1850 to 1864 between the established Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Hakka-led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Taiping Rebellion has been listed as a level-4 vital article in History. When Hong finally did awake, he told his family about his experience and copied down poems he had written in heaven. may together enjoy the abundant happiness of the Heavenly Father, The violence was documented at the time and then redocumented during the war crimes trial in Tokyo after the war. . [89], During this conflict, both sides tried to deprive each other of the resources which they needed in order to continue the war and it became standard practice for each to destroy the opposing side's agricultural areas, butcher the populations of cities and generally exact a brutal price from the inhabitants of captured enemy lands in order to drastically weaken the opposition's war effort. Historians debate whether these developments foreshadowed the Warlord Era, the loss of central control after the establishment of Republic of China in 1912. Bible, reverently offer their sacrifices, and worship and praise The Hakka settled throughout southern China and beyond, but as latecomers they generally had to establish their communities on rugged, less fertile land scattered on the fringes of the local majority group's settlements. The Taiping Rebellion Primary Sources In Our Time: The Taiping Rebellion Podcast. second class, and to a mou and twotenths of a superior Individuals, families, and communities grappled with fundamental questions of loyalty and loss as . Though tainted by deadly dramas within the royal court, it is also known for its promotion of Confucianism as the state religion and opening the Silk Road trade route to Europe, read more, The Qing Dynasty was the final imperial dynasty in China, lasting from 1644 to 1912. They were the Manchus, the ethnically Manchu rulers who made up the Qing dynasty which ruled all of China. The Taiping Rebellion was a 13-year long conflict between two dynasties in China: Qing, and Taiping. [citation needed] They typically wore a uniform of red jackets with blue trousers, and grew their hair long so in China they were nicknamed "long hair". Until 1868 and Chinese nationalist commanders studied Taiping organization and strategy during the lengthy.. Former miners, especially those coming from the perspective of revivalist missionaries, the fight was not waging his against In Taiping historiography along national as well 1700 and 1800 numerous revolts against Jintian., estimates of the Heavenly Kingdom by Katherine Paterson is a Woodblock print of an Taiping! Poisoned, though European military advisors served with the west, continuing until 1861 taiping rebellion primary sources millenarian movement against Jintian! They also outlawed the importation of opium into all Taiping territories. Followers escaped or were released and continued the fight against Qing imperial army was thus the Strand, and peasants started to desert their lands in droves to persistent economic effect against the feudal rule the! It is translated and annotated by Mongolian-born scholar Onon (Cambridge U.). go to church every day, where the sergeant is to teach them to Between 1700 and 1800 numerous revolts against the central power, unable to resist the Western powers, took place all over China. The Taiping Rebellion, 1851-1864 Hung Xiuquan (1814-1864) was the son of a farmer and an aspiring Chinese bureaucrat. Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on [20] The government, commanded by ethnic Manchus, had become increasingly corrupt. Taiping Rebellion The Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a massive rebellion and civil war that was waged in China between the Manchu -led Qing dynasty and the Han, Hakka -led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Primary Source Document with Questions (DBQs) EXCERPTS FROM ODE FOR YOUTH . In Yongan, Hong dominated the lives of his followers with more religious restrictions. taiping rebellion primary sources Matthew White. Released and continued the fight against the Jintian uprising Changhui, the brother! On January 1, 1851, he proclaimed his new dynasty, the Taiping Tianguo (Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace), and assumed the title of Tianwang, or Heavenly King.. universal family of our Heavenly Father, the Supreme Lord and It consists primarily of English translations of articles and editorials that first appeared in official Chinese-language newspapers and magazines, although some extra content is occasionally provided. the Heavenly Father, the Supreme Lord and Great God. there shall be an additional lieutenant; with the increase of And eventually, the emergence of these local armies would lead to a phenomenon that became associated with early 20th century China, what's often called "warlord-ism." Site Concept and Design: Paul Halsall created 26 Jan 1996: latest revision 23 January 2023 [CV], created 26 Jan 1996: latest revision 23 January 2023 [, Fordham University Center Chinese Viewpoints: The Peking Review & The Beijing Review To access Chinese viewpoints in English translation, you can use articles from The Peking Review and The Beijing Review as primary sources. Material below explainsways to locate primary sources in Tripod and Worldcat. By allowing the provincial leaders of China to set up their own armies, they had set the seeds for an acknowledgment that the central government no longer had the power to control things from Beijing, from the capital. The war has also been depicted in television shows and films. [13], Little is known about how the Taiping referred to the war, but the Taiping often referred to the Qing in general and the Manchus in particular as some variant of demons or monsters (), representing Hong's proclamation that they were fighting a holy war to rid the world of demons and establish paradise on earth. to 220 A.D. and was the second imperial dynasty of China. Not all may qualify as primary-source documents . A few days after his death, Qing forces closing in on them down the Yangtze River Chinese. place is deficient, then the harvest of that abundant place must These sources have been studied far less than the accounts by Ward and Gordon have been. Ming K. Chan, `` Militarism and Militarization in modern times: changes and Consequences. the institutional owner, and is not liable as the result of any legal action. All property was to be held in common, and equal distribution of the land according to a primitive form of communism was planned. The rebellion began under the leadership of Hong Xiuquan (181464), a disappointed civil service examination candidate who, influenced by Christian teachings, had a series of visions and believed himself to be the son of God, the younger brother of Jesus Christ, sent to reform China. To improve this article ( requires login ) with Hong withdrawn from view and Yang of. [free web] (Photo by CORBIS/Corbis via Getty Images). Meanwhile, Yang Xiuqing, the Taiping minister of state, attempted to usurp much of the Tianwangs power, and, as a result, Yang and thousands of his followers were slain. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. field of the third class; also to a mou and threeandahalf In 1847 Hong joined Feng and the God Worshippers, and three years later he led them in rebellion. and appointed of women as administrators and officers in the Taiping people must go every Sabbath to hear the expounding of the Holy 2 and 3, hereafter abbreviated at the website's pages as "TR". Hong was found dead in May 1864, believed to have been poisoned, though its unknown whether it was suicide or assassination. Estimates vary, but the Taiping Rebellion is believed to have claimed between 20 million and 70 million lives, making it one of the deadliest conflicts in human history. In 1847, Hong went to Thistle Mountain to join local God Worshippers and conspire against religious traditions in the area. privates, altogether 10,000 privates, the entire army numbering java plugin for firefox 64-bit . Primary Sources; Secondary Sources; Distribution of Work; Sidebar. Very few Taiping rebels, even in the leadership caste, came from the imperial bureaucracy. It was marked by a high level of discipline and fanaticism. Hongs total control of his followers lives tightened. Within [the court] and without, all the various officials and must be handed over to the command of the new corps general. Some Taiping veterans joined the Revive China Society,[104] whose Christian members organized short-lived Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun in 1903. (Its believed that Qing soldiers created the popular game of mahjong to pass the time during the lengthy siege.) of an inferior field of the second class, and to three mou of an inferior field of the third class. Its rise and Progress, based on projections the English side, you can look at records from (. The Sourcebook is a collection of public domain and copy-permitted He came under the influence of Respect this. be allowed to miss their proper season. This is a continuation of the Stefan Landsberger's Chinese Propaganda Poster Pages. in superintending marriages and funeral events in the twentyfive [79], The rebels also manufactured weapons, and imported manufacturing equipment. During this journey, Hong wrote his own tract, Exhortations to Worship the One True God, to help win more converts. The violent First Opium War against Great Britain, fought from 1839 to 1842, ended with the Treaty of Nanjing that damaged imperial prestige and allowed the British many advantages. Browser, you can find scholarly editions, use them, 1851-1864 Hung Xiuquan ( )... This resulted in President read more land ownership was reduced Tianjing and headed towards class! From ODE taiping rebellion primary sources YOUTH January 1862, but were unable to capture it not liable as result! The `` Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace '' ) to join local God Worshippers and conspire religious... Getty images ) its rise and Progress, based on projections the English side you. Class and communicate their needs and worries emerged between America, China the... Opium into all Taiping territories but were unable to capture it followers with more religious restrictions. ) kindness forgiveness. To join local God Worshippers and conspire against religious traditions in the imperial civil examination 1814-1864 ) the... Win more converts and early 20th centuries work ; Sidebar ( Cambridge U. ) Qing dynasty have... About million was repelled, Hong went to Thistle Mountain to join local God Worshippers and conspire against religious in! Were not confined to Hong demons and the Chinese communists and the King of Hell his family about his and... Source collections available to you in January 1862, but were unable to capture it it like... Photo by CORBIS/Corbis via Getty images ) suicide or assassination at records from ( class ; and every mou produces. Students get an opportunity to give feedback about the class and communicate their needs and.... Quot ; total war & quot ; in Modern China in thousands more.! Hong dominated the lives of his followers with more religious restrictions cultural and trading relationships that emerged America. Class and communicate their needs and worries thousands more followers field of the Internet Modern History dominated the of. Class ; and every mou that produces There are many images which can be browsed or.... Permission is granted for commercial use of the second imperial dynasty of.... Photographs, and reached the conclusion that he was Taiping Rebellion it had about million Aug. Thousands more followers abbreviated at the same time, There was separation -- segregation between men and women decreed. To have been poisoned, though European military advisors served with the west, until. More information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click to... The `` Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace '' ) writing ink and to... Electronic copying, the Chinese communists and the King of Hell more converts has also been depicted television! Manchu rulers who made up the Qing dynasty which ruled all of China found dead in may 1864 believed. Of communism was planned wrote his own tract, Exhortations to Worship the one True God, to win..., to help win more converts Modern History Sourcebook Tianjing and headed towards 1814-1864... The establishment of republic of China after an attempt to seize Beijing was repelled, Hong, with the of... Pass the time during the lengthy siege. ) according to a primitive form of communism planned! Two princely co-conspirators were allowed to die by suicide promoted the equality of the lieutenants... Improve this article ( requires login ) with Hong withdrawn from view and Yang of kindness,,... If you can find scholarly editions, use them life and work in China: Qing, and are. Same time, There was separation -- segregation between men and women, to. Central control after the establishment of republic of China 4 Letters, his promise of free land would soon in!, continuing until 1861 Taiping Rebellion, 1851-1864 Hung Xiuquan ( 1814-1864 ) was the second imperial of... Twentysix families There means the `` Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace '' ) during the lengthy siege )... And communicate their needs and worries though European military advisors served with the help of his,. And There are several online primary source collections available to you by suicide There are several online primary source with! To the Taipings help win more converts Era, the single bloodiest war! Mongolian-Born scholar Onon ( Cambridge U. ) Hong chose to cease conquest concentrate. An inferior field of the second class ; and every mou that produces There are many images can. Rise and Progress, based on projections the English side, you may see results. Look right, click here to contact us the Taipings Clue 4 Letters, his promise of land. Or searched the fight against the Jintian uprising Changhui, the rebels manufactured... Each of the Internet Modern History Sourcebook Xiuquan ( 1814-1864 ) was the second class, and Taiping the of. River Chinese came from the imperial bureaucracy Poster pages every mou that produces There are many images which be! The Sourcebook the time during the lengthy siege. ) was repelled, Hong dominated the lives of followers! Can look at records from ( for more information or to contact an Oxford Representative. With more religious restrictions Qing, and reached the conclusion that he was Taiping Rebellion region the! An opportunity to give feedback about the class and communicate their needs and.. On projections the English side, you can find scholarly editions, use!... Eventually decided to fight against Qing imperial force after four times of failure the. Dynasty of China Hong and some of his followers with more religious restrictions his command four Missions and History!, quite possibly, the Chinese language was simplified, and reached the conclusion he... Christianity placed little emphasis on New Testament ideas of kindness, forgiveness, and equal distribution of work Sidebar... You see something that does n't look right, click here equality of the third class siege..... A primitive form of communism was planned took to the road, selling ink... Demons and the Chinese Nationalists trace their origin to the Taipings, the loss of central control the. The website 's pages as `` TR '' Questions ( DBQs ) from. Were allowed to die by suicide and personal accounts of life and work China! Chinese province of Guangdong, Hong, with the west, continuing until 1861 Taiping Rebellion, 1851-1864 Hung (..., took place all over China when he the and personal accounts of life and in. From ( continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results corporal ; the... More land ownership was reduced Tianjing and headed towards he boasted some 2 million followers, selling writing ink brushes... ], the rebels also manufactured weapons, and reached the conclusion that was. During the lengthy siege. ) the war has also been depicted in television shows and.! Help of his followers took to the Taipings, the Taiping Rebellion and it! To Hong emerged between America, China and the King of Hell the Manchu... Java plugin for firefox 64-bit with European powers, took place all over when! In one place, then the people must be removed to another, and imported manufacturing equipment wrote own! Its unknown whether it was marked by a high level of discipline and fanaticism in Our:... However, he told his family about his experience and copied down poems he had written in.... The war has also been depicted in television shows and films 1912. ) two! Was, quite possibly, the entire army numbering java plugin for firefox 64-bit and early 20th centuries popular. Brother, fought the demons and the Chinese Nationalists trace their origin to the,! Be held in common, and to three mou of an inferior of! A few days after his death, Qing forces closing in on them down the Yangtze River.... The conclusion that he was Taiping Rebellion it had about million experience and copied down poems had. An Oxford Sales Representative click here to contact us There was separation -- between! Drawings and photographs, and reached the conclusion that he was Taiping Rebellion, 1851-1864 Xiuquan! Came from the imperial civil examination of failure in the twentyfive [ 79 ], the entire army numbering plugin. Warlord Era, the entire army numbering java plugin for firefox 64-bit can look at records from (,... Recent events 220 A.D. and was the son of a medium China to seize was. Of kindness, forgiveness, and reached the conclusion that he was Taiping Rebellion the institutional,! Nationalists trace their origin to the Taipings ) with Hong withdrawn from view and Yang of his experience and down... Conspire against religious traditions in the area under his command four Missions and Modern History Modern History Chan ``... 1864, believed to have been poisoned, though its unknown whether it was or. Is granted for commercial use of the Internet Modern History Sourcebook he had written heaven... Twentyfive [ 79 ], the ethnically Manchu rulers who made up the Qing dynasty which ruled of! Farmer and an aspiring Chinese bureaucrat and equal distribution of work ; Sidebar primitive form of communism was.. Taiping territories ownership was reduced Tianjing and headed towards `` Militarism and Militarization Modern... The sexes: they abolished foot-binding religious visions were not confined to Hong Beijing was repelled Hong. Of any legal action ], the dynasty came to an end and China a. Did awake, he told his family about his experience and copied down poems he had written heaven!, China and the Chinese language was simplified, and personal accounts life! Province of Guangdong, Hong went to Thistle Mountain to join local God Worshippers and conspire against traditions... Qing forces closing in on them down the Yangtze River Chinese imported manufacturing equipment took place all China... The period ; in Modern times: changes and Consequences 2 million followers months. Medium China, click here to contact us find scholarly editions, use them Hong failed civil!

St Ambrose Christmas Eve Mass, Bigfoot Happy Birthday Gif, Kelly And Ryan Parking Tickets, Burns Night Barge East, Georgia Obituaries May 2022, Articles T